We begin by exploring how the energy efficiency of MD is limited by the thermal separation of water and dissolved solutes. In this review, we examine the key challenges facing MD and explore the opportunities for improving MD membranes and system design. However, despite advances in membrane technology and the development of novel process configurations, the viability of MD as an energy-efficient desalination process remains uncertain. By desalinating high-salinity waters using low-grade or waste heat, membrane distillation (MD) has the potential to increase sustainable water production, a key facet of the water-energy nexus. Energy-efficient desalination and water treatment technologies play a critical role in augmenting freshwater resources without placing an excessive strain on limited energy supplies.
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